Knowledge, science, culture during the Sahibkiran Amir Temur and Temurids

Abstract

This article describes the development of science and culture during the times of Amir Temur and Temurids, mature representatives of various fields that worked during this period, and the works they created, ethics, and views on education. There is also information about sources that contain the teachings and advice of our ancestor Amir Temur.

Introduction

Amir Temur and the period of the Temurids have a special place in the history of Uzbek statehood. After the independence of our country, an objective opinion was expressed about our history, culture, great scientists, great commanders, statesmen, scientific-practical, artistic works, conferences were held, valuable information on the history of the period was generalized and acquired new content.

Sahibkiran Amir Temur is a great person, a great commander, a great statesman, a lawyer, a speaker, a psychologist, as well as a patron of creativity, science and culture who loves his country and people.

In the study of the history of this period, first of all, the works created in this period, the views of scholars, examples of spiritual heritage allow us to study the history of the period on the basis of new approaches.

Amir Temur is one of the figures who has achieved greatness and perfection not only in the field of centralized state building, governance, military skills, but also in the field of morality, faith, education. The great commander's respect for his mentors and spiritual leaders is a clear example of this.

In this regard, we can cite the moral programs, teachings, advice of Amir Temur, as well as a number of historical works created about him.

Among them are the world-famous works “Tuzuki Temuriy”, “Malfuzoti Temuriy”, “Voqioti Temuriy” and “Mujmal-i Fasihiy” by the 15th century historian Fasih Ahmad Hawafi, “Zafarnoma” by Nizamiddin Shami and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi, Ibn Arabshah. Among them are such works as "Ajayib ul-maqdur fi-ahbori Temur", "Temurnoma" by Salohiddin ibn Mullo Aloiddin hoja Eshan (Salohiddin Tashkendi).

Main part

The events and teachings mentioned in the charters of our ancestor Amir Temur belong not only to the XIV-XVI centuries, but also have a special significance in the formation of such qualities as courage, justice, nobility, patriotism, true humanity, both today and for future generations.

In the person of Amir Temur, we see the most mature spirituality of that time. Evaluating the personality of Amir Temur in the sources, he said, “he was an intelligent man who knew the history of his ancestors, was able to draw conclusions from their mistakes and achievements, and was able to put into practice every knowledge he acquired. He was a ruler who matured in morals and ethics, who was strong in faith, who fought for justice, and who never tired of learning for a lifetime. ” He was well versed in religious and secular sciences, and his assembly was presided over by scholars.

The period of Amir Temur and the Temurids is rightly recognized as the "second revival" of the Middle Ages, with the great contribution of world-famous people who grew up in this period to world science.

In particular, kings and princes such as Amir Temur, Mirzo Ulugbek, Boysungur Mirzo, Hussein Boykaro, Babur Mirzo, Temurid princesses strengthened the foundation of the Timurid spirituality due to their respect for science and enlightenment, and at the expense of many constructions, creative work and organizational and financial work. performed.

Results and Discussions

The period of Timur and the Timurids is an important stage in the development of science, culture, spirituality, literature and art of the East in general, and Central Asia in particular, a new historical period, a turning point. This period is a logical continuation of the development and rise in the spiritual and enlightenment life of the IX-XII centuries. A whole generation of great thinkers who grew up among the peoples of Central Asia was formed and created at the same time. World-famous historians: Sharofiddin Ali Yazdi, Mirkhand, Khandamir, Davlatshah Samarkandi, scholars: Mirzo Ulugbek, Ali Kushchi, Qazizoda Rumi, philosophers-poets: Abdurahmon Jami, Alisher Navoi, Lutfi, Sakkoki, Atoi, artists: Kamoliddin Behzod, Qos Ali, Mirak Naqqash, from the calligraphers: Sultan Ali Mashhadi, Sultan Muhammad Khandan, Muhammad bin Nur and others. All of them are great figures, encyclopedic scientists who have mastered and mastered all the spheres of human spirituality, enlightenment and culture of that time and before them, who have reached the peaks of their chosen fields that have not yet been conquered by anyone.

That is why their rich, multifaceted creations, unique and unique scientific-philosophical, artistic, historical works have come down to us from time immemorial, enduring the trials of time. Thanks to independence, there is an opportunity to deeply understand, study and glorify our perfect ancestors, who have a place on the stage of world spirituality and enlightenment, and the rich spiritual and enlightenment heritage they have left. The legacy of our ancestors, especially the great statesman, patron of enlightenment, high spirituality Amir Temur and his descendants, is an inexhaustible spiritual wealth for our people today for spiritual purification and understanding of national identity.

Muhammad Taragay Ulugbek, the grandson of Amir Temur, one of the worthy successors of the Timurid dynasty, who led the path of public administration and enlightenment, is also one of the figures who left an indelible mark on world history. During his reign, two beautiful madrassas were built in Samarkand. They taught secular sciences as well as religious sciences. It is noted that he, along with other famous scholars, taught young people in these madrassas once a week. Later, madrasas were built in Bukhara and Gijduvan, Bibikhanim mosque in Samarkand, Amir Temur mausoleum, Shahizinda and Registan complexes were completed, and caravanserais, tim, chorsu, and baths were built in other cities.

Ulugbek is a multi-talented man, who was especially interested in literature, history, mathematics and astronomy. One of his greatest achievements was the establishment of a unique Academy in Samarkand. At this scientific school, more than 200 scientists under the leadership of Ulugbek conducted research in various fields of science. Qazizada Rumi (Salahiddin Musa ibn Muhammad), Ghiyosiddin Jamshid Kashi, Ali Qushchi (Mawlana Alouddin Ali ibn Muhammad Samarkandi), Nizamiddin Abdul Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandiy, Mawlana Khawafi had significant research and scientific conclusions in the field of exact sciences. They successfully continued the traditions of the Khorezm Mamun Academy.

Scholars promote the idea of ​​treating the child with respect, opposing scholastic teaching and strict discipline. According to them, reading should arouse a child's interest in knowledge.

The activity of Muhammad Taragay Ulugbek in Samarkand shows that in the XIV-XV centuries it served as a center for the development of science in madrassas. Mirzo Ulugbek was the ruler of Samarkand and was famous as an astronomer, mathematician and historian. Historical evidence also notes that the scholar was also a skilled educator. For example, the scientist has brought up many talented young people. He attached great importance to the study of scientific knowledge by people, especially young people.

Alloma has carried out serious reforms in the field of education in his country. He transferred madrassas to the state, set a monthly salary for teachers, and provided scholarships for students. Mirzo Ulugbek's madrasa programs include the following subjects: Arabic language, literature, Qur'an, Hadith, rhetoric, logic, philosophy, jurisprudence, metaphysics, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, geography, and history.

In the madrasas founded by the thinker and taught by him, education was carried out in stages "small" - 2 years, "aust" (medium) - 3 years, "excellent" (higher) - 3 years. . We can also compare this approach to the step-by-step, simple-to-complex acquisition of knowledge in our current education system. At the same time, they were also typical of medieval European universities.

As a man of great talent, the scientist was several centuries ahead of his time with his scientific assumptions and views. Almost 600 years ago, Muhammad Taragay Ulugbek put forward the following axiom: the pursuit of knowledge is the way to the development of the state. The current experience of economically developed countries fully confirms this idea.

Conclusion

Thus, the period of Amir Temur and the Temurids has a special place in the history of Uzbek statehood. During this period, as a result of the efforts and direct leadership of Amir Temur, science, culture and architecture flourished. Among the Timurids there were devotees of science, in particular, Mirzo Ulugbek, Bobur Mirzo and many other representatives of various spheres who worked during this period. The study of the spiritual heritage of this period is one of the most urgent tasks of today.