Fundamental principles for formation and implementation of sustainable development goals in regions of Ukraine

The fundamental principles for formation and realization of sustainable development goals in regions of Ukraine are analyzed. It is found that most goals are so interconnected and complementary that their synergy contributes to many other goals. Sustainable development goals are shown to synthesize economic, social and environmental sustainability components and require indicators to measure and verify the objectives set to reflect the development of each region, country and the world as a whole. Important challenges and preconditions for achieving sustainable development goals with regional dimension are identified. Recommendations that take into account regional indicators of sustainable development goals are also given. Moreover, these recommendations should be potentially considered in the current programming documents of Ukraine's regions.


Formulation of the problem in general
Sustainable development is a new global model for the development of the world community, ensuring not only its survival but also overcoming the severity of the socio-natural contradictions of humanity's further existence.

Analysis of recent research and publications
The issues of managing the environmental, social and economic development of the country and its regions are the focus of scientists. Famous scientists such as A. Balashov, Z. Buryk, Ye. Gonch, A. O. Drebot, V. Dzhegazen, M. Zgurovsky, G. Clark, B. Hughes, A. Efremov, L. Korniychuk L. Shostak, A. Filipenko, M. Khvesik and others have devoted their attention to these problems.
The purpose of this article is the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the fundamental principles for the formation and practical ways of realization of the Sustainable Development Goals in regions of Ukraine.

Presenting the main material
The Sustainable Development Model, built on the concept of Sustainable Development, is recognized by the world community as the dominant ideology of human civilization development in the 21st century. The concept of sustainable development implies a balanced solution of socio-economic problems and the problems of maintaining a favorable environment and natural resource potential to meet the needs of present and future generations of people [2]. First of all, it is focused on the balance of economic, social and environmental processes to achieve the main goal, that is the creation of a fundamentally new form of the further existence and evolution of mankind.
Meanwhile, the question remains, can this theoretical concept become a practical (real) model of national socioecological-economic development in the current environment? In recent decades, it has become apparent that an environmental catastrophe is rapidly approaching civilization, and that determines the continued existence and development of humankind. This global challenge was answered after The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 when humanity for the first time in history set out the aim to move to socio-natural sustainable development as a means of preventing environmental and other global man-made disasters and chaotic degradation.
On September 25, 2015, 193 United Nations Member States at the New York Sustainable Development Summit unanimously adopted a new Global Sustainable Development Program containing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. The proposed objectives have a broad scope, as they address the interrelated elements of sustainable development: economic growth, social integration and environmental protection.
On January 1, 2015, the countdown began -the world has 15 years to achieve 17 ambitious SDGs [4, p. 4]. Ukraine, like other UN member states, has joined the global process of sustainable development. On September 15, 2017, the Government of Ukraine presented within its National Report "Sustainable Development Goals: Ukraine" its vision of the benchmarks of Ukraine's achievement of the SDGs. The report presents the results of the adaptation of 17 global Goals, taking into account the specifics of national development, 86 national development goals and 172 indicators for monitoring them, as well as benchmarks for achieving them by 2030.
To establish a strategic framework for Ukraine's national development for the period up to 2030, an inclusive SDGs adaptation process has been launched based on the principle of "not leaving anyone behind", which has been reflected in the programs of governments of many countries and included in the agendas of large international financial, charitable organizations and steel a real "Road map" for the whole world community. This has created a basis for directing large amounts of global, public and private investment in meeting indicators and achieving SDGs at all levels of government, including regional and local. These investments are aimed at fostering innovative solutions and changes at all levels in areas that respond to transformations across the four dimensions of the SDGs: economic, social, environmental and institutional [1, p. 8-9]. Most goals are so interconnected and complementary that their synergies contribute to many other goals. Thus, poverty reduction (SDG 1) cannot be achieved without addressing food security (SDG 2), effective macroeconomic policy on full and productive employment and decent work for all (SDG 8), reducing inequality (SDG 10) and resisting climate change and its consequences (SDG 13). Achieving these results is in turn facilitated by a healthy lifestyle and overall well-being (SDG 3). At the same time, there are negative interconnections such as the expansion of agricultural areas to eliminate hunger (SDG 2), which can lead to loss of ecosystems and biodiversity (SDG 15), water pollution (SDG 6), which threatens food security.
Ideally, the SDGs synthesize economic, social and environmental components of sustainability. The final stage in the formation of the SDG is the development of indicators designed to measure and verify the goals and objectives set. The indicators are structured into three groups (economic, environmental, social) to reflect the progress of each region, country and world as a whole in achieving the SDGs. The phenomenon of sustainable development is a global strategy adopted at the UN level for the survival of mankind and for reaching "managed" globalization and other global processes. The future depends on the realization of the goals and principles of sustainable development. At the highest state level, Ukraine has joined the final document on "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", which has been endorsed by the SDGs and has begun the process of adapting them at both national and local (regional) levels.
As a first step, in 2017, with the support of UNDP, the Government of Ukraine produced a National Report on ''Sustainable Development Goals: Ukraine'' [3], which not only represents the overall vision of Ukraine's SDGs but also initiates a national system of Goals (86 national targets of development and 172 indicators for monitoring them). In the future, two important tasks must be fulfilled: to create an institutional mechanism and to localize the SDGs at the level of regions and local communities. The first steps have already been taken in this direction. In particular, with the participation of regional authorities, a wide network of NGOs and territorial communities, some discussions were conducted in regions and local reports were prepared from the SDGs, in particular in Dnipropetrovsk and Volyn regions [5; 6]. These reports present the results of a discussion of tailored targets, monitoring indicators and projected values for sustainable development for these regions. These two pilot projects, on the one hand, gave the relevant regional authorities the first experience of localizing the SDGs and an awareness of the need to build regional strategic documents and programs to develop them, and on the other, identified some problems that need to be addressed systematically and for all regions. One of these problems is to link the goals, objectives and indicators identified in the National Report and the relevant constituents of regional reports. The main areas of support along this path are to enhance the capacity for SDGs planning and the potential integration of the SDGs into regional strategies and programs and to support the establishment of an expanded monitoring system for the achievement of the SDGs. All this concerns the localization of the SDGs at regional level.
Consider this, on August 21, 2019, the Government of Ukraine adopted an order regulating the procedure for collecting data to monitor the implementation of the SDGs in Ukraine. The following priorities have been identified as the most priorities for the regional level: SDG 8 "Decent Work and Economic Growth"; SDG 11 "Sustainable Cities and Communities"; SDG 9 "Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure"; SDG 3 "Good Health and Well-being"; SDG 16 "Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions".
Experts are building civil society into the context of sustainable development. The presented system of goals formed the basis for the study of the potential of the areas of Ukraine to achieve certain SDGs benchmarks. After all, regions of Ukraine are characterized by significant differentiation of indicators of socio-economic development, ecological situation and environmental protection. Monitoring the regions of Ukraine can provide a basis for identifying problematic aspects, developing policy adjustments and mechanisms for achieving the SDGs at the regional level. At the same time, it should be noted that a positive moment in determining the priorities of sustainable development at regional and local levels in Ukraine is participating in the discussion of the problem of a wide range of civil society representatives. This approach demonstrates publicity, openness, a desire to explore and take into account the views of all segments of the population on a vision of sustainable development at regional and local levels.
The next step, once priorities have been identified, is the development of sustainable development indicators. First of all, it is a system of SDGs indicators that have a regional disaggregation in official Ukrainian statistics and they are as closely approximated as possible to officially designated national indicators for Ukraine. It should also be noted that the analysis of the main SDGs indicators showed a significant regional variation. It has been found that certain regions may have predominantly better or worse starting positions than others, but the most common situation when regions that are "stronger" in some positions lag behind others. Furthermore, different SDGs may be characterized by greater or lesser variability of indicators for different regions [3]. The synthesis of important challenges and preconditions for achieving the SDGs having a regional dimension, in particular, is crucial [1, p. 250-251]: non-exclusive model of development: self-esteem of material well-being has almost no correlation with levels of economic development and income; the large difference in maternal mortality rates, difficult access to vocational education in several regions contributes to the accumulation of structural unemployment; there are differences in levels of access to the Internet and computer software in schools, which harms the quality of learning; uneven distribution of women's economic activity and employment; high differentiation between indicators of reservoir and energy intensity of GRP, polluting emissions; active implementation of savings projects in the targeted regions; a significant proportion of young people who do not work, study or acquire professional skills -in some areas it exceeds one-third of the total age group; prevailing non-exclusivity of small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine; unequal distribution of cultural heritage sites and monuments of national and local level, which directly affects the tourist potential of regions and can be a great basis for local development; uneven distribution of the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, which testifies to the decisive role in their formation of the physical representation of certain natural resources in the territory, strengthening of the tourist and recreational potential of regions; high level of the criminogenic situation in some regions, first of all, more urbanized; the tangible impact of cross-border factors on crime against human freedom; differences in the attitude of entrepreneurs to court and the assessment of the favorability of public policy for business; public awareness, as well as the efficiency and inclusiveness of local government activities, which are the "interface" of state power. non-exclusive model of development: self-esteem of material well-being has almost no correlation with levels of economic development and income; Obtained data, based on further deepening of specific regional conditions, can be a starting point for setting important regional development priorities. It is methodologically important when localizing the SDGs and implementing them into sustainable development programs in regions [1, p. 253]: to undertake a comprehensive analysis of all available strategic and programmatic documents of the local (regional) level in terms of compliance with their SDGs; to ensure their comparability with national goals; to check the presence of powers at the local executive authorities to achieve the set goals; to reach consensus on goals and indicators between local authorities, the public and entrepreneurs through joint discussion with the participation of all stakeholders; to establish focal points to further develop partnerships in SDGs implementation; to develop appropriate recommendations and techniques for further localization of the SDGs to the community level; to search for sources of financing that will ensure the achievement of the objectives, with a clear indication of these sources and amounts of financing for each of the planned measures; to avoid duplication of SDGs implementation measures in various programs for sustainable territorial development; to ensure that information sources are available to monitor the objectives set.

Conclusion
Therefore, the achievement of the established SDGs at the regional level should help to ensure a quality and sustainable standard of living for citizens and encourage them to understand the consequences of their actions and their responsibility to communities. This seems possible provided that the distance between citizens and authorities is reduced, building trust in one another. SDGs localization opens new opportunities for regional sustainable development policy in terms of involving all stakeholders in the process of reviewing and updating existing regional strategies.